Posts tagged with Article

Notes

Brand management to protect brand equity: A conceptual model

Corporate and product brands are increasingly accepted as valuable intangible assets of organisations, evidence of which is apparent in the reported financial value that strong brands fetch when traded in the mergers and acquisitions markets. However, while much attention is paid to conceptualising brand equity, less is paid to how brands should be managed and delivered in order to create and safeguard brand equity. In this article we develop a conceptual model of corporate brand management for creating and safeguarding brand equity. We argue that while legal protection of the brand is important, by itself it is insufficient to protect brand equity in the long term. We suggest that brand management ought to play an important role in safeguarding brand equity and propose a three-stage conceptual model for building and sustaining brand equity comprising: (1) adopting a brand- orientation mindset, (2) developing internal branding capabilities, and (3) consistent delivery of the brand. We put forward propositions, which, taken together, form a theory of brand management for building and safeguarding brand equity. We illustrate the theory using 14 cases of award-winning service companies. Their use serves as a demonstration of how our model applies to brand management practice.

1 Notes

Faking It: Why Wearing Designer Knockoffs May Have Hidden Psychological Costs

Polishing your self-image with counterfeit goods may lead to lying, cheating and cynicism

Source: RT @BRITEconf: Faking It: Why Wearing Designer Knockoffs May Have Hidden Psychological Costs [SciAm] http://bit.ly/937ZYp

Notes

Companies start to make a pitch with Islam in mind

“Islamic marketing,” some experts say, is the next wave in branding, and now, as the holy month of Ramadan begins, activity is surging.

Source: Advertisers Seek to Speak to Muslim ConsumersIHT, Technology and Media Zoom Image

Companies start to make a pitch with Islam in mind

“Islamic marketing,” some experts say, is the next wave in branding, and now, as the holy month of Ramadan begins, activity is surging.

Source: 
Advertisers Seek to Speak to Muslim Consumers
IHT, Technology and Media

Notes

Is the ‘Helios’ destined for the scrap heap?

In a digital era — as BP attempts to shift assets, ‘cap’ expenses, restore reputation and rebuild trust — is it possible the global giant has invested enough in its brand and identity to be able to recover, without having to change face?

Read on: The Identity Forum

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10 Notes

Reblogged techspotlight:

What do women get up to online? | Technology | The Guardian
UK housewives spend 47% of their leisure time on the internet – and it’s not all cosy, mumsy surfing…

Reblogged techspotlight:

What do women get up to online? | Technology | The Guardian

UK housewives spend 47% of their leisure time on the internet – and it’s not all cosy, mumsy surfing…

Notes

“TIME TO GET TOUCHY-FEELY” by Passionbrand’s Helen Edwards


LONDON - The BrandZ top 100 is one of those annual rankings that hit brand owners whether they like it or not, boosting egos here, raising eyebrows there, plunging whole departments into gloomy intro­spection if the news is bad.
Other surveys may pop up through the year, but this is the one marketers take seriously, such is the thoroughness of its underlying methodology. The BrandZ machine crunches through a huge database of inputs from more than 750,000 global consumers to spew out metrics of such sophistication that Millward Brown Optimor feels compel led to give them catchy, trademarked names: Brand Signature, Presence, Bonding, and the scary-sounding Voltage, with its remarkable accuracy in predicting future share.
Measurement is good, and the more accurate it is, the better, but its purpose is to guide action. What do you actually do if you’re Nivea, Canon or KFC, all of which find themselves sliding down this year’s rankings? Here, BrandZ offers less illumination, other than to expose the gulf between knowing and doing. More alarmingly, there’s some thing about BrandZ that can give marketers an unrealistic sense of control.
Those finely calibrated metrics and the beguiling precision of those bar-grids can make you think you’re up there in the brand cockpit, with your hands on all the right corrective levers: ‘Trim the Presence, ease forward on the Bonding, and we’ll climb through this market turbulence and level off at a higher-value altitude.’
The reality eventually dawns that the skills required to address brand drift have more in common with the touchy-feely awareness of the cabin crew, so you’d better get back there and muck in. Capital-B Bonding, which is a marvel of arithmetic extrapolation, can only be improved by small-b bonding, which is an all too-human muddle of emotions, proclivities and contradictions.
This necessary lurch to the other end of the skill-set has been the undoing of many a metric-focused marketer, seeking certainty where none exists. Emotional bonding calls for the judgement to make creative leaps, the courage to put authenticity before short-term commercial gain, and the wisdom to understand what connects people across vastly different cultures.
BrandZ can’t help you now, with its homily-like advice such as ‘the most successful brands are underpinned by trust and recommendation’.
What can help is a better approach to qualitative research, which means embracing some of the tech niques that have been pioneered in the academic world. Market-oriented ethnography is often talked about, but rarely used properly. Deprivation research, where prac tical, can pro vide the wonderful surprises to fuel the creative mind. A more recent add ition is co-operative inquiry, a form of action research from the social sciences that erases the line between resear cher and respondent. All three are capable of revealing insights worthy of the name, upon which bonding, and all the rewards that go with it, can be built.
Marketers tend to swing either way. Witness the speculation over how Unilever’s P&G-trained chief executive, Paul Polman, will encourage a more metric-driven marketing approach than the recently departed, brill­iantly intuitive Simon Clift. Metrics vs intuition should not be a marketing debate; modern marketers need to embody both. Then they can stare fearlessly into the gulf between knowing and doing, and start to build a bridge.

Source: marketingmagazine.co.uk, 27 April 2010

“TIME TO GET TOUCHY-FEELY”
by Passionbrand’s Helen Edwards

LONDON - The BrandZ top 100 is one of those annual rankings that hit brand owners whether they like it or not, boosting egos here, raising eyebrows there, plunging whole departments into gloomy intro­spection if the news is bad.

Other surveys may pop up through the year, but this is the one marketers take seriously, such is the thoroughness of its underlying methodology. The BrandZ machine crunches through a huge database of inputs from more than 750,000 global consumers to spew out metrics of such sophistication that Millward Brown Optimor feels compel led to give them catchy, trademarked names: Brand Signature, Presence, Bonding, and the scary-sounding Voltage, with its remarkable accuracy in predicting future share.

Measurement is good, and the more accurate it is, the better, but its purpose is to guide action. What do you actually do if you’re Nivea, Canon or KFC, all of which find themselves sliding down this year’s rankings? Here, BrandZ offers less illumination, other than to expose the gulf between knowing and doing. More alarmingly, there’s some thing about BrandZ that can give marketers an unrealistic sense of control.

Those finely calibrated metrics and the beguiling precision of those bar-grids can make you think you’re up there in the brand cockpit, with your hands on all the right corrective levers: ‘Trim the Presence, ease forward on the Bonding, and we’ll climb through this market turbulence and level off at a higher-value altitude.’

The reality eventually dawns that the skills required to address brand drift have more in common with the touchy-feely awareness of the cabin crew, so you’d better get back there and muck in. Capital-B Bonding, which is a marvel of arithmetic extrapolation, can only be improved by small-b bonding, which is an all too-human muddle of emotions, proclivities and contradictions.

This necessary lurch to the other end of the skill-set has been the undoing of many a metric-focused marketer, seeking certainty where none exists. Emotional bonding calls for the judgement to make creative leaps, the courage to put authenticity before short-term commercial gain, and the wisdom to understand what connects people across vastly different cultures.

BrandZ can’t help you now, with its homily-like advice such as ‘the most successful brands are underpinned by trust and recommendation’.

What can help is a better approach to qualitative research, which means embracing some of the tech niques that have been pioneered in the academic world. Market-oriented ethnography is often talked about, but rarely used properly. Deprivation research, where prac tical, can pro vide the wonderful surprises to fuel the creative mind. A more recent add ition is co-operative inquiry, a form of action research from the social sciences that erases the line between resear cher and respondent. All three are capable of revealing insights worthy of the name, upon which bonding, and all the rewards that go with it, can be built.

Marketers tend to swing either way. Witness the speculation over how Unilever’s P&G-trained chief executive, Paul Polman, will encourage a more metric-driven marketing approach than the recently departed, brill­iantly intuitive Simon Clift. Metrics vs intuition should not be a marketing debate; modern marketers need to embody both. Then they can stare fearlessly into the gulf between knowing and doing, and start to build a bridge.

Source: marketingmagazine.co.uk, 27 April 2010

6 Notes

Lounge Chair and Ottoman, by Charles & Ray Eames, 1956.

“Heroes and Villains in the Pantheon of Design” by Alice Rawsthorn, NY Times Zoom Image

Lounge Chair and Ottoman, by Charles & Ray Eames, 1956.

Heroes and Villains in the Pantheon of Design” by Alice Rawsthorn, NY Times

1 Notes

IN A POST-RECESSION ERA, THE BUTLER ALWAYS DOES IT
As serving becomes the new selling, brand butlering is more important than ever to retain customers.
As the post-recession world still reels from its colossal impact, serving is the new selling and now is the time to go all out on it, says a consumer trend research company.
According to Trendwatching.com: “It has never been more important for companies to turn their brand into a service. Jaded, time-poor, pragmatic consumers yearn for service and care, while the mobile online revolution makes it possible to offer über-relevant services to consumers anywhere, anytime. Basically, if you’re going to embrace one big consumer trend this year, please let it be ‘brand butlers’.”
With pragmatic, convenience-loving consumers enjoying instant access to an ever-growing number of supporting services and tools (both offline and online), the firm says brands urgently need to hone their service skills, focusing on assisting consumers to make the most of their daily lives, versus the old model of selling them a lifestyle if not identity.
And the experts seem to agree. Aneesh Sharma, Brand Strategist, Landor Associates, told Emirates Business: “For sure, serving is the new selling. Complementing products and services through an online offer is done by more and more brands today. Added-value products and services help deliver a holistic brand experience that is greater than the sum of the parts.”
Dan Dimmock, Head of Strategy, gsFITCH said: “Brand butlering, or commcierge marketing strategy, is a wonderful byproduct of technological advancements, increased accessibility and the power of design. Geek has switched from an anti-social character flaw to residing at the heart of social inclusion – causing intrigue and curiosity, and changing perceptions, and empowering both technophobes and the once unwilling user.”
Amit Purohit, Director, Strategic Development, Siroya Collections, distributors of Christopher Road in the UAE, agreed: “Brand butling is definitely a trend that is here to stay. While it adds immense value to the customers as they get more value for money, it also enables firms to think creatively for out of the box ideas.”
According to Trendwatching.com, brands need to build a brand butler omnipresence. While many brands now offer at least a few standalone brand butler-esque services, very few brands have an integrated or holistic brand butler strategy in place yet.
So how is the UAE placed as far as brand butling is concerned? Sharma said: “The UAE, with its high broadband penetration and highly connected lifestyle, is no stranger to this phenomenon. Brands such as Emirates and etisalat offer some products, services and offers that are exclusive to the online channel.
“Who would have thought an airline would become a mail-order brand? But it makes sense, doesn’t it? You’re on a plane, you want to take a break from ICE, you see the Emirates High Street catalogue. But wait, you don’t want to carry unnecessary things on your trip. Well, go online the next time you catch a Wi-Fi signal, buy the stuff you saw in the catalog and have it delivered to your house.”
Purohit said the recession had not just forced companies to offer more value-added services to their audience, but also made them realise the importance of doing so in the long run. “While most businesses slow down and wait it out, many like us try to find innovative solutions, such as the Christopher Road Concierge service to retain our clients as well as gain the confidence of many more,” he said.
In outlining the strategy behind launching the service, he said Christopher Road Concierge would be used proactively to initiate customer dialogue and metrics that are vital for the business, allowing it to identify problems and opportunities and to respond quickly.
He explained: “We as an organisation would be applying customer segmentation beyond demographics and attitudes; we would be employing behavioural segmentation, particularly in understanding the lifecycle of the customer’s relationship to Christopher Road Concierge and Siroya Collections.
“Customer dialogue and metrics will allow us to identify multiple opportunities for testing, learning and swarming of resources in almost real-time.”
However, according to branding experts, a product is nothing without the right service and brands need to ensure that they help their customers see the value of what is on offer.
Also, they say that for companies already in existence, brand butling may play a part in future brand and marketing strategies, however, business management practice and expertise will continue to help companies survive the aftereffects of the recession.
Sharma said: “We know a product is nothing without the right service proposition around it. The issue at hand is that of perceived value. Helping customers see value, better than the value they see in the competitor’s offer, is what the new selling is all about. Indeed, value perception comes from many places, including service, but the approach has to be much broader.”
He offered the example of one men’s grooming salon in Dubai Media City. On a recent visit, he said, they were running behind schedule and asked me to wait for my appointment. Not only were they apologetic, they offered him a complimentary massage for as long as it took for the barber to get to me.
“Talk about a welcome wait! This small business understands the value their customers put on time, and pull the balance in their favour – surely my 20-minute wait is worth less than a 20-minute massage,” said Sharma.
The bottom line is that businesses need to understand what customers see as valuable. Time, free services, insightful information, customisation, a memorable environment? The answer most definitely is not the same for every customer, and obviously varies by business as well. Whereas time might be of greatest value at a hotel check-in, employee product knowledge may be seen as most valuable in a cigar lounge.
“No matter how the landscape changes, brands must stay true to the essence and anchor that defines them,” warned gsFITCH’s Dimmock. “Jumping on the bandwagon, in an attempt to be the first there, is a sure-fire way to cause confusion, dilution and, as we’ve already seen in social media, embarrassment. Successful brands will continue to be the smartest and most innovative.
“Brands that choose to frivolously adopt this approach, rather than appropriately embracing technological advancements, and proactively strategising innovation, will quickly find themselves out in the cold.”
Why consumers are embracing brand butling
For consumers, time, convenience, control and independence are the new currencies.
This need requires business-to-consumer brands to turn many of their campaigns, if not all interactions, with customers into broader services. In short, a shift from broadcasting to assisting. Relationships with brands are now more down to earth and less reverential. From individualism to eco-concerns to decreased spending power, for consumers, the practical and pragmatic rule.
Yet, in uncertain times, there is also a consumer longing for institutions that truly care, which is more about showing empathy and providing customers with a status fix than being purely practical. This, too, requires brands to master more service-oriented personae.
The current mobile online revolution is shifting these consumer expectations even further into the always-on, instant gratification online arena.
On offer
In the UAE, with a purchase of any Christopher Road watch, customers are entitled to a one-year Christopher Road Concierge service, a one-stop service available across the globe. It offers personal concierge, travel boutique, entertainment services, exquisite hotels, personal shopping, relaxation, life events, corporate concierge and executive relocation.
Turkish mobile networks Vodafone and Turkcell have developed iPhone apps that allow consumers to find a wide variety of venues and services.
Mastercard’s ATM Hunter iPhone app allows users to find their nearest ATMs.
Google Labs has developed City Tours that uses Google Maps to offer a variety of walking tours in cities around the world.
In the UK, the Automobile Association’s Best of Britain app is designed to help users find local hotels, restaurants and attractions during their trips around the country.
How to achieve omnipresence
- Online butler services:
Apps, whether for the iPhone, BlackBerry or Android devices, offer a quick route to delivering brand butler services. Offering useful, semi-branded content, residing on consumers’ online devices is a marriage made in heaven. You do not have to develop everything yourself. You can partner with or acquire, one of the many third-party apps. For example: L’Oreal recently teamed up with Vanity Fair’s Hollywood app to offer consumers tools to organise their Oscar night voting pools, as well as offering live results and exclusive Vanity Fair content.
- Offline butler services:
In the real world, brands cannot be everywhere all the time. So offline brand butler services need to be prioritised by utter relevance or surprise. One popular offline brand butler tactic is to establish permanent or pop-up branded spaces and lounges, often tied to a specific event or a location like metro stations and airports, which offer ample opportunity to assist consumers with relevant, on-brand services. Here too, partnering is key.

IN A POST-RECESSION ERA, THE BUTLER ALWAYS DOES IT

As serving becomes the new selling, brand butlering is more important than ever to retain customers.

As the post-recession world still reels from its colossal impact, serving is the new selling and now is the time to go all out on it, says a consumer trend research company.

According to Trendwatching.com: “It has never been more important for companies to turn their brand into a service. Jaded, time-poor, pragmatic consumers yearn for service and care, while the mobile online revolution makes it possible to offer über-relevant services to consumers anywhere, anytime. Basically, if you’re going to embrace one big consumer trend this year, please let it be ‘brand butlers’.”

With pragmatic, convenience-loving consumers enjoying instant access to an ever-growing number of supporting services and tools (both offline and online), the firm says brands urgently need to hone their service skills, focusing on assisting consumers to make the most of their daily lives, versus the old model of selling them a lifestyle if not identity.

And the experts seem to agree. Aneesh Sharma, Brand Strategist, Landor Associates, told Emirates Business: “For sure, serving is the new selling. Complementing products and services through an online offer is done by more and more brands today. Added-value products and services help deliver a holistic brand experience that is greater than the sum of the parts.”

Dan Dimmock, Head of Strategy, gsFITCH said: “Brand butlering, or commcierge marketing strategy, is a wonderful byproduct of technological advancements, increased accessibility and the power of design. Geek has switched from an anti-social character flaw to residing at the heart of social inclusion – causing intrigue and curiosity, and changing perceptions, and empowering both technophobes and the once unwilling user.”

Amit Purohit, Director, Strategic Development, Siroya Collections, distributors of Christopher Road in the UAE, agreed: “Brand butling is definitely a trend that is here to stay. While it adds immense value to the customers as they get more value for money, it also enables firms to think creatively for out of the box ideas.”

According to Trendwatching.com, brands need to build a brand butler omnipresence. While many brands now offer at least a few standalone brand butler-esque services, very few brands have an integrated or holistic brand butler strategy in place yet.

So how is the UAE placed as far as brand butling is concerned? Sharma said: “The UAE, with its high broadband penetration and highly connected lifestyle, is no stranger to this phenomenon. Brands such as Emirates and etisalat offer some products, services and offers that are exclusive to the online channel.

“Who would have thought an airline would become a mail-order brand? But it makes sense, doesn’t it? You’re on a plane, you want to take a break from ICE, you see the Emirates High Street catalogue. But wait, you don’t want to carry unnecessary things on your trip. Well, go online the next time you catch a Wi-Fi signal, buy the stuff you saw in the catalog and have it delivered to your house.”

Purohit said the recession had not just forced companies to offer more value-added services to their audience, but also made them realise the importance of doing so in the long run. “While most businesses slow down and wait it out, many like us try to find innovative solutions, such as the Christopher Road Concierge service to retain our clients as well as gain the confidence of many more,” he said.

In outlining the strategy behind launching the service, he said Christopher Road Concierge would be used proactively to initiate customer dialogue and metrics that are vital for the business, allowing it to identify problems and opportunities and to respond quickly.

He explained: “We as an organisation would be applying customer segmentation beyond demographics and attitudes; we would be employing behavioural segmentation, particularly in understanding the lifecycle of the customer’s relationship to Christopher Road Concierge and Siroya Collections.

“Customer dialogue and metrics will allow us to identify multiple opportunities for testing, learning and swarming of resources in almost real-time.”

However, according to branding experts, a product is nothing without the right service and brands need to ensure that they help their customers see the value of what is on offer.

Also, they say that for companies already in existence, brand butling may play a part in future brand and marketing strategies, however, business management practice and expertise will continue to help companies survive the aftereffects of the recession.

Sharma said: “We know a product is nothing without the right service proposition around it. The issue at hand is that of perceived value. Helping customers see value, better than the value they see in the competitor’s offer, is what the new selling is all about. Indeed, value perception comes from many places, including service, but the approach has to be much broader.”

He offered the example of one men’s grooming salon in Dubai Media City. On a recent visit, he said, they were running behind schedule and asked me to wait for my appointment. Not only were they apologetic, they offered him a complimentary massage for as long as it took for the barber to get to me.

“Talk about a welcome wait! This small business understands the value their customers put on time, and pull the balance in their favour – surely my 20-minute wait is worth less than a 20-minute massage,” said Sharma.

The bottom line is that businesses need to understand what customers see as valuable. Time, free services, insightful information, customisation, a memorable environment? The answer most definitely is not the same for every customer, and obviously varies by business as well. Whereas time might be of greatest value at a hotel check-in, employee product knowledge may be seen as most valuable in a cigar lounge.

“No matter how the landscape changes, brands must stay true to the essence and anchor that defines them,” warned gsFITCH’s Dimmock. “Jumping on the bandwagon, in an attempt to be the first there, is a sure-fire way to cause confusion, dilution and, as we’ve already seen in social media, embarrassment. Successful brands will continue to be the smartest and most innovative.

“Brands that choose to frivolously adopt this approach, rather than appropriately embracing technological advancements, and proactively strategising innovation, will quickly find themselves out in the cold.”

Why consumers are embracing brand butling

For consumers, time, convenience, control and independence are the new currencies.

This need requires business-to-consumer brands to turn many of their campaigns, if not all interactions, with customers into broader services. In short, a shift from broadcasting to assisting. Relationships with brands are now more down to earth and less reverential. From individualism to eco-concerns to decreased spending power, for consumers, the practical and pragmatic rule.

Yet, in uncertain times, there is also a consumer longing for institutions that truly care, which is more about showing empathy and providing customers with a status fix than being purely practical. This, too, requires brands to master more service-oriented personae.

The current mobile online revolution is shifting these consumer expectations even further into the always-on, instant gratification online arena.

On offer

In the UAE, with a purchase of any Christopher Road watch, customers are entitled to a one-year Christopher Road Concierge service, a one-stop service available across the globe. It offers personal concierge, travel boutique, entertainment services, exquisite hotels, personal shopping, relaxation, life events, corporate concierge and executive relocation.

Turkish mobile networks Vodafone and Turkcell have developed iPhone apps that allow consumers to find a wide variety of venues and services.

Mastercard’s ATM Hunter iPhone app allows users to find their nearest ATMs.

Google Labs has developed City Tours that uses Google Maps to offer a variety of walking tours in cities around the world.

In the UK, the Automobile Association’s Best of Britain app is designed to help users find local hotels, restaurants and attractions during their trips around the country.

How to achieve omnipresence

- Online butler services:

Apps, whether for the iPhone, BlackBerry or Android devices, offer a quick route to delivering brand butler services. Offering useful, semi-branded content, residing on consumers’ online devices is a marriage made in heaven. You do not have to develop everything yourself. You can partner with or acquire, one of the many third-party apps. For example: L’Oreal recently teamed up with Vanity Fair’s Hollywood app to offer consumers tools to organise their Oscar night voting pools, as well as offering live results and exclusive Vanity Fair content.

- Offline butler services:

In the real world, brands cannot be everywhere all the time. So offline brand butler services need to be prioritised by utter relevance or surprise. One popular offline brand butler tactic is to establish permanent or pop-up branded spaces and lounges, often tied to a specific event or a location like metro stations and airports, which offer ample opportunity to assist consumers with relevant, on-brand services. Here too, partnering is key.

Notes

Article: “In Translation” by Eugenia Bell, design editor of frieze magazine

A Dutch–Arabic typography project shows increasing compatibility between strikingly different languages and cultures



In the mid-18th century, King Carlos III of Spain appointed Eudald Pradell as the Royal Printer and commissioned him to set up a foundry at the Imprenta Real in Madrid. Pradell, the father of Spanish modern type, was a Catalan gunsmith-turned-punchcutter; he was also illiterate. Contemporary type designer Peter Bilak is a Slovak living in Amsterdam who does most of his communicating in English and designs Arabic typefaces without knowing the language; he could be said to be Pradell’s conceptual heir.

Arabic is the official language of 25 countries and the native tongue of 280 million people, yet to many Westerners it remains intangible. Modern Arabic has six major dialects and at least a dozen minor ones (some of which are endangered), while Classical Arabic has been the liturgical language of Islam since the seventh century. In the late 18th century, the many styles of the written language that had developed over time were corralled into Modern Standard Arabic, which is now used across the Arabic-speaking world. But none of these developments was successful in addressing the complications of the script which means, to Arabic and non-Arabic speakers alike, understanding its different calligraphic styles, diacritics and pronunciation marks. (In 1928, Attatürk, the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey, mandated that Turkish Arabic be Latinized. At different times in history, for political and historical reasons, similar typographic ‘simplifications’ have occurred in Chinese, Russian Greek and Maltese – although the latter is a Semitic language like Arabic, it has almost always used a Latin alphabet.) Not until very recently has Arabic been scrutinized by type designers working in the digital domain.

Bilak was among ten typographers who took part in the first occurrence of an unprecedented – and, in a new iteration, ongoing – cultural exchange called ‘Typographic Matchmaking’ that was organized by the Amsterdam-based Khatt Foundation, took almost four years to complete and is now documented in extraordinary detail in a book of the same name. In 2004, five Dutch and five Arabic typographers were paired to conceive and design an Arabic typeface inspired by an existing Latin type design by each team’s Dutch participant. Khatt’s tireless leader, Huda Smitshuijzen AbiFares, realized that her experiment could yield more than a resuscitation of Dutch interest in Arabic. Originally envisioned as something of a celebration of the Dutch contribution to Arabic type, which began in the 16th century, the project generated five Arabic typefaces, all currently in or nearing their final forms.

Unlike the Latin alphabet’s association with numerous languages and cultures, Arabic script is almost inseparable from Arabic and Muslim culture. Scribes were an elite group of craftsmen–practitioners whose calligraphic talents were applied almost exclusively to religious texts. Arab calligraphy dominated the printed word until the introduction of (European-made) moveable type presses in the 18th century. The veneration of Arab script, and its association with the spiritual side of the culture in print, meant the Arabic-speaking world was slow to embrace the advances in printing technology seen in Europe more than 200 years earlier. However, as Arabic script historian J.R. Osborn told me: ‘Rather than being delayed, the 18th-century beginnings of Ottoman printing corresponded with a similar shift in European printed material during the same period’, a shift that ‘was not the simple replacement of scribal methods with print technology, but the adoption of a new textual system’ of how information was designed and disseminated.1 

The history and unique characteristics of their language is a heavy burden for contemporary Arabic type designers to shoulder. In addition, and despite the West’s general lack of awareness of the nuances of Arabic, the Arabic-speaking world is increasingly multilingual and in need of design approaches that consider not only different languages, but different scripts. Although, according to Smitshuijzen AbiFares, there is little training in Arabic type design available in Arabic countries, academic design programmes and the design professions in Arabic countries are beginning to legitimately come into their own. A new generation of practitioners needs to create the tools that will express the Arabic world’s visual culture in a modern yet considered way: one that respects their calligraphic heritage and ‘strikes a balance between aesthetic judgment, social concerns and practical constraints.’2 Until fairly recently, the history of printing and type in the Arab world was itself an impediment to this sort of innovation: as new printing technologies emerged in the first half of the 20th century, new scripts in type deviated very little from old forms. Often, traditional models would simply be digitized or copied straight for use in typesetting. Dry-transfer Letraset marked a huge step forward for many Arabic designers in the 1960s and ’70s, and was so successful (and inexpensive) that the digital type revolution went almost unnoticed. Linotype simplified the Arabic character set to adapt it to their typesetting machines. Now all but obsolete, Linotype’s simplified Arabic is still a standard even for digital typography. However, many Arab type designers are now working in refreshingly experimental ways, questioning and reinterpreting tradition. Keenly attuned to Western pop culture, bi- or multi-lingual and free of the constraints that a type establishment might place on creativity, perhaps what seems like a lack of structure actually represents the truest form of progress and opportunity.

So, while Arabic-speaking type designers have to parse and challenge their own history to overcome typographic obstinacy, what of the non-Arab participants in the ‘Typographic Matchmaking’ project? How did a lack of Arabic fluency affect the production of an aspect of Arab culture that is so central to its image? Can Westerners design Arabic type effectively? The Khatt Foundation’s continued efforts have gone a long way in not only drawing attention to the innovative progress made by Arabic type designers, but also in highlighting attempts to make Arabic type more accessible in an increasingly multi-lingual milieu. Among its near-constant calendar of design events in the Netherlands and the Middle East, Khatt holds symposiums, organizes exhibitions and acts as something of a social-networking site for Arabic-speaking designers and their foreign colleagues.

Osborn says that, due to the sheer number of calligraphic styles out there, and the specific uses to which they are applied, ‘Arabic script is very flexible and, although most of the characters connect with the characters preceding and/or following them, there is a certain amount of wiggle room in how those connections appear. Thus, Westerners can design Arabic type, although they might not do so along the lines of a specific calligraphic style.’ Bilak adds: ‘Of course, knowledge of a language helps […] but is not an essential criterion. It is more work, if one doesn’t speak the language, as there are many considerations when a non-native speaker designs type for an audience of native speakers. Not just aesthetic, but some historical/linguistic/ideological research has to be made. Letterforms have their historical connotations, and some orientation within the heritage of chosen script is essential. One has to define a suitable approach and that comes with the research.’

Smitshuijzen AbiFares believes that non-native speakers ‘can indeed design Arabic fonts, but more often they rely on existing examples. The lack of real understanding of the script – and, to a certain extent, the language – usually hinders innovative formal and structural creations. So, how effectively they can design depends on what one expects from the design. Often, the best results coming out of Western designers have been through close collaborations with “native” Arab designers.’ In Bilak’s case, he was paired with Tarek Atrissi, a Lebanese graphic designer and native Arabic speaker, based in the Netherlands, to develop Fedra Arabic (an extension, of sorts, of Bilak’s well-tested and widely applied Fedra face). In addition, he undertook a month’s self-initiated research to prepare. Bilak drew nearly everything himself, where Atrissi was instrumental in the research.

From the other end, Osborn thinks that Arabic type designers typically take Latin character issues into consideration, ‘primarily because digital type will inevitably coexist alongside other character sets in a digital world dominated by Latin characters’. There is a fine line between reading Bilak’s (and the other participants’) resulting typeface as being born of a Latin font and as accompanying one, as ‘Typographic Matchmaking’ has set out to do. The teams involved strove to create new Arabic faces that, while retaining the integrity of Arabic, were not necessarily based on traditional calligraphic standards, but rather faces that would succeed in contemporary applications with contemporary-looking models to start from (since most classical Arabic typefaces are based on 17th- and 18th-century fonts). As Smitshuijzen AbiFares put it: ‘The old-fashioned look to Arabic fonts gave […] the impression that the Arab world has stopped developing since that time, and that is not a true portrayal of the realities on the ground.’

Time is definitely not standing still. ‘Typographic Matchmaking 02’ is underway and focuses on typography in the city, and how the marriage of type design and urban design can generate unique urban spaces. The all-star roster on this outing includes Dutch graphic and type designer Max Kisman, Bauhaus-trained architect Richard Wagner and Lebanese typographer Pascal Zoghbi, among others, who will analyze street culture, typography and the built environment in Amsterdam and Dubai to create a kind of typographical public art. Osborn adds that ‘given the rising importance of Chinese on the Internet, there is likely to be a great deal of future work directed toward making Arabic type compatible with Chinese characters’. In the meantime, Bilak has moved on to a new linguistic challenge: Indic typefaces.

1 Unless otherwise noted, all quotes are from email correspondence between the author and respondent, between November 2009 and January 2010.

2 Huda Smitshuijzen AbiFares, Typographic Matchmaking, Bis, Amsterdam, 2007, p.13
Source: http://www.khtt.net/page/22402/en

Notes

Notes

“Typeface Designers Wrestle With the World of Pixels” by Alice Rawsthorn

Article: “Typeface Designers Wrestle With the World of Pixels”
by Alice Rawsthorn, IHT/New York Times

“NEW YORK — Imagine that you are a super-successful movie director, who’s been given hundreds of millions of dollars and lots of whiz-bang technology to make a cinematic epic. Sounds good? Not once you are told that people will have to watch it on fuzzy old black and white television sets.

Something similar happens to the text that appears on your computer screen whenever you log on to a Web site. The site’s owner has so little control over the fine details of what you will see that the typeface in which the text appears is bound to be distorted. Pity the poor designer who struggled to perfect it.”

“…take a look at Georgia, the typeface on the IHT/New York Times Web site, on a Mac, then see how different it looks on a PC.”

The Ideal Sans typeface is used at the Art Institute of Chicago, commissioned
from Hoefler & Frere-Jones.


3 Notes

Download: "Arabicization" by @FutureBrand...

“Regional Arabic dialects are now being used in some cases to add authenticity and to counter a crowded new brand landscape. Though this can provide a very powerful way to gain a proprietary edge, this method can be problematic, as meanings can vary from place to place.”

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